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Franklin Institute

  • 1 Franklin Institute

    • Franklin Institute, The Институт Франклина ( в Филадельфии), музей науки и техники. Многие экспонаты являются действующими моделями

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Franklin Institute

  • 2 Franklin Institute

    Крупный национальный научный и научно-технологический центр. Находится в г. Филадельфии. Основан в 1824. В состав института входят Музей науки и планетарий [Franklin Institute Science Museum and Planetarium], Центр Манделла [Mandell Center], театр [Tuttleman Omniverse Theater]. Институт играл и продолжает играть важную роль в культурной и научной жизни Филадельфии. Здесь проходила первая в США международная выставка электричества [International Electrical Exhibition] (1884), впервые демонстрировались возможности трансконтинентальной телефонной связи (1916). В здании, где Институт расположен с 1933, также находится Национальный мемориал Бенджамина Франклина [Benjamin Franklin National Memorial] (с 1938), где расположен шестиметровый памятник Б. Франклину [ Franklin, Benjamin]. С 1826 издается "Джорнал ов Франклин инститьют" [Journal of the Franklin Institute], посвященный научным открытиям и их использованию в экономике. Ежегодно Институт присуждает премию Бауэра [Bower Award] за значительный вклад в развитие науки и технологии.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Franklin Institute

  • 3 Benjamin Franklin National Memorial

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Benjamin Franklin National Memorial

  • 4 Kettering, Charles Franklin

    [br]
    b. 29 August 1876 near Londonsville, Ohio, USA
    d. 25 November 1958 Dayton, Ohio, USA
    [br]
    American engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    Kettering gained degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering from Ohio State University. He was employed by the National Construction Register (NCR) of Dayton, Ohio, where he devised an electric motor for use in cash registers. He became Head of the Inventions Department of that company but left in 1909 to form, with the former Works Manager of NCR, Edward A. Deeds, the Dayton Engineering Laboratories (later called Delco), to develop improved lighting and ignition systems for automobiles. In the first two years of the new company he produced not only these but also the first self-starter, both of which were fitted to the Cadillac, America's leading luxury car. In 1914 he founded Dayton Metal Products and the Dayton Wright Airplane Company. Two years later Delco was bought by General Motors. In 1925 the independent research facilities of Delco were moved to Detroit and merged with General Motors' laboratories to form General Motors Research Corporation, of which Kettering was President and General Manager. (He had been Vice-President of General Motors since 1920.) In that position he headed investigations into methods of achieving maximum engine performance as well as into the nature of friction and combustion. Many other developments in the automobile field were made under his leadership, such as engine coolers, variable-speed transmissions, balancing machines, the two-way shock absorber, high-octane fuel, leaded petrol or gasoline, fast-drying lacquers, crank-case ventilators, chrome plating, and the high-compression automobile engine. Among his other activities were the establishment of the Charles Franklin Kettering Foundation for the Study of Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis at Antioch College, and the founding of the Sloan- Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York City. He sponsored the Fever Therapy Research Project at Miami Valley Hospital at Dayton, which developed the hypertherm, or artificial fever machine, for use in the treatment of disease. He resigned from General Motors in 1947.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Kettering, Charles Franklin

  • 5 Kettering, Charles Franklin

    (1876-1958) Кеттеринг, Чарлз Франклин
    Инженер, изобретатель, предприниматель; возглавляя с 1909 исследовательскую фирму "Делко" [ Delco], работал над созданием автомобильного электрооборудования: системы зажигания, освещения, стартера и др. Изобрел первый электрический кассовый аппарат. В 1925 "Делко" слилась с исследовательским отделом "Дженерал моторс" [General Motors Research Corp.], и Кеттеринг стал ее президентом. Возглавлял работы по повышению кпд автомобильного двигателя и исследования по проблемам трения и сгорания. Основал Фонд Ч. Ф. Кеттеринга в Антиохском колледже [ Antioch College] для исследования хлорофилла и фотосинтеза, стал сооснователем Института Слоуна-Кеттеринга по исследованиям рака [ Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research] в г. Нью-Йорке. Занимался филантропической деятельностью

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Kettering, Charles Franklin

  • 6 Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research

  • 7 Bilgram, Hugo

    [br]
    b. 13 January 1847 Memmingen, Bavaria, Germany
    d. 27 August 1932 Moylan, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    German (naturalized American) mechanical engineer, inventor of bevel-gear generator and economist.
    [br]
    Hugo Bilgram studied mechanical engineering at the Augsburg Maschinenbau Schule and graduated in 1865. He worked as a machinist and draughtsman for several firms in Germany before going to the United States in 1869.
    In America he first worked for L.B.Flanders Company and Southwark Foundry \& Machine Company in Philadelphia, designing instruments and machines. In the 1870s he also assisted in an evening class in drawing at The Franklin Institute. He devised the Bilgram Valve Diagram for analysing the action of steam engine slide valves and he developed a method of drawing accurate outlines of gear teeth. This led him to design a machine for cutting the teeth of gear wheels, particularly bevel wheels, which he patented in 1884. He was in charge of the American branch of Brehmer Brothers Company from 1879 and in 1884 became the sole owner of the company, which was later incorporated as the Bilgram Machine Works. He was responsible for several other inventions and developments in gear manufacture.
    Bilgram was a member of the Franklin Institute, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the Philadelphia Technische Verein and the Philadelphia Engineer's Club, and was elected a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1885. He was also an amateur botanist, keenly interested in microscopic work.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Gold Medal. City of Philadelphia John Scott Medal.
    Bibliography
    Hugo Bilgram was granted several patents and was the author of: 1877, Slide Valve Gears.
    1889, Involuntary Idleness.
    1914, The Cause of Business Depression.
    1928, The Remedy for Overproduction and Unemployment.
    Further Reading
    Robert S.Woodbury, 1958, History of the Gear-cutting Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (describes Bilgram's bevel-gear generating machine).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Bilgram, Hugo

  • 8 Pennsylvania

    [ˏpensɪlˊveɪnjǝ] Пенсильвания, штат на Северо-Востоке США <*Penn + sylvania лат. лесная страна>. Полное назв.: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Сокращение: PA. Прозвища: «штат замкового камня» [*Keystone State], «квакерский штат» [*Quaker State], «страна Уильяма Пенна» [*Land of William Penn], «угольный штат» [*Coal State], «нефтяной штат» [*Oil State], «стальной штат» [*Steel State]. Житель штата: пенсильванец [Pennsylvanian]. Столица: г. Гаррисберг [Harrisburg]. Девиз: «Добродетель, свобода и независимость» [*‘Virtue, liberty and independence’]. Цветок: горный лавр [mountain laurel]. Птица: куропатка [ruffed grouse]. Дерево: гемлок/тсуга, хвойное вечнозелёное дерево семейства сосновых [hemlock]. Насекомое: светлячок [firefly]. Животное: большой датский дог [Great Dane]. Площадь: 116083 кв. км. (44,820 sq. mi.) (32- е место). Население (1992): 12 млн. (5- е место). Крупнейшие города: Филадельфия [*Philadelphia], Питсбург [*Pittsburgh], Эри [Erie], Аллентаун [Allentown]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: сталелитейная промышленность, металлообработка, машиностроение, туризм, радиоэлектроника, химическая промышленность, медицина, швейная промышленность, пищевая промышленность и сельское хозяйство. Основная промышленная продукция: металл, металлоизделия, продовольствие, машины, электромеханизмы, электроника, пластмассы, кирпич и др. строительные материалы. Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: кукуруза, грибы, яблоки, картофель, озимая пшеница, овёс, фуражные травы, овощи, табак, виноград. Животноводство (1985): скота — 1,96 млн., свиней — 800 тыс., овец — 88 тыс., птицы — 22,5 млн. Лесное хозяйство: сосна, дуб, клён. Минералы: уголь, железо, цемент, щебень, известь, строительный песок и гравий. Рыболовство (1992): на 395 тыс. долл. История. Первым европейским поселением была шведская колония (1643), захваченная вскоре голландцами (1655), а затем англичанами (1664). В 1681 территория в уплату королевского долга была передана квакеру Уильяму Пенну [*Penn, William]. К началу Войны за независимость крупнейший город штата — «город братской любви» — Филадельфия [*Philadelphia] славился как центр культуры и просвещения, где жил и работал Бенджамин Франклин. Во время Войны за независимость и в 1790—1800 гг. Филадельфия была столицей США. Суровую и трудную зиму 1777—78 гг. войска Вашингтона провели в Валли-Фордже [Valley Forge] в Пенсильвании. Декларация независимости (1776) и Конституция США (1787) были приняты в Филадельфии. В наст. время Пенсильвания — один из наиболее экономически развитых штатов, где ведущее место занимает тяжёлая промышленность (1-е место по выплавке чугуна и стали, 2-е по добыче угля). Высоко развиты машиностроение, химическая, нефтеперерабатыающая, лёгкая промышленность. Филадельфия — второй по значению морской порт страны. Достопримечательности: места, связанные с провозглашением независимости США [Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia]; Музей науки института Франклина [Franklin Institute Science Museum]; Филадельфийский художественный музей [*Philadelphia Art Museum]; военные мемориалы: Геттисберг [Gettysburg National Military Park], Валли-Фордж [Valley Forge National Historic Park], район так называемых «пенсильванских немцев» [*Pennsylvania Dutch region]; ферма Эйзенхауэра [*Eisenhower farm] вблизи Геттисберга; Хёрши [*Hershey], пригород Филадельфии, где находятся предприятия известной компании по производству шоколада; Институт Карнеги [*Carnegie Institute] в Питсбурге; спортивные базы в горах Поконо [Pokono Mts.]; ущелье реки Пайн-Крик [Pine Creek River Gorge]; Аллеганские горы [*Alleghenies]; парк Лорел-Хайлендс [Laurel Highlands] и о-в а Преск [Presque Isle]. Знаменитые пенсильванцы: Бьюкенен, Джеймс [*Buchanan, James], 15-й президент США; Карнеги, Эндрю [*Carnegie, Andrew], промышленник и филантроп; Фостер, Стивен [*Foster, Stephen], автор популярных песен; Франклин, Бенджамин [*Franklin, Benjamin], учёный, дипломат, государственный деятель; Маршалл, Джордж [*Marshall, George], генерал и госсекретарь; Меллон, Эндрю [*Mellon, Andrew], финансист и филантроп; Пири, Роберт [*Peary, Robert], адмирал, полярный исследователь; Росс, Бетси [*Ross, Betsy], швея, сшившая первый американский флаг. Ассоциации: «страна Уильяма Пенна» [*William Penn’s country]; вотчина квакеров [*Quaker State]; Филадельфия — «город братской любви» [*City of Brotherly Love], первая столица США; провозглашение независимости [*Independence Hall, *Liberty Bell]; Бенджамин Франклин [*Franklin, Benjamin, the Philadelphia lawyer]; высшее общество [high society] и могущественная масонская ложа [Masonic Lodge]; сталелитейные заводы Питсбурга [*Smoky City] и угольные шахты [Coal Country]; необычайные вкрапления в американскую действительность патриархального уклада «пенсильванских немцев» [*Pennsylvania Dutch, *Amish]

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Pennsylvania

  • 9 Sellers, William

    [br]
    b. 19 September 1824 Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, USA
    d. 24 January 1905 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    William Sellers was educated at a private school that had been established by his father and other relatives for their children, and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed for seven years to the machinist's trade with his uncle. At the end of his apprenticeship in 1845 he took charge of the machine shop of Fairbanks, Bancroft \& Co. in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1848 he established his own factory manufacturing machine tools and mill gearing in Philadelphia, where he was soon joined by Edward Bancroft, the firm becoming Bancroft \& Sellers. After Bancroft's death the name was changed in 1856 to William Sellers \& Co. and Sellers served as President until the end of his life. His machine tools were characterized by their robust construction and absence of decorative embellishments. In 1868 he formed the Edgemoor Iron Company, of which he was President. This company supplied the structural ironwork for the Centennial Exhibition buildings and much of the material for the Brooklyn Bridge. In 1873 he reorganized the William Butcher Steel Works, renaming it the Midvale Steel Company, and under his presidency it became a leader in the production of heavy ordnance. It was at the Midvale Steel Company that Frederick W. Taylor began, with the encouragement of Sellers, his experiments on cutting tools.
    In 1860 Sellers obtained the American rights of the patent for the Giffard injector for feeding steam boilers. He later invented his own improvements to the injector, which numbered among his many other patents, most of which related to machine tools. Probably Sellers's most important contribution to the engineering industry was his proposal for a system of screw threads made in 1864 and later adopted as the American national standard.
    Sellers was a founder member in 1880 of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was also a member of many other learned societies in America and other countries, including, in Britain, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Iron and Steel Institute.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1889. President, Franklin Institute 1864–7.
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes Sellers's work on machine tools).
    Bruce Sinclair, 1969, "At the turn of a screw: William Sellers, the Franklin Institute, and a standard American thread", Technology and Culture 10:20–34 (describes his work on screw threads).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Sellers, William

  • 10 Sprague, Frank Julian

    [br]
    b. 25 July 1857 Milford, Connecticut, USA
    d. 25 October 1934 New York, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor, a leading innovator in electric propulsion systems for urban transport.
    [br]
    Graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1878, Sprague served at sea and with various shore establishments. In 1883 he resigned from the Navy and obtained employment with the Edison Company; but being convinced that the use of electricity for motive power was as important as that for illumination, in 1884 he founded the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company. Sprague began to develop reliable and efficient motors in large sizes, marketing 15 hp (11 kW) examples by 1885. He devised the method of collecting current by using a wooden, spring-loaded rod to press a roller against the underside of an overhead wire. The installation by Sprague in 1888 of a street tramway on a large scale in Richmond, Virginia, was to become the prototype of the universally adopted trolley system with overhead conductor and the beginning of commercial electric traction. Following the success of the Richmond tramway the company equipped sixty-seven other railways before its merger with Edison General Electric in 1890. The Sprague traction motor supported on the axle of electric streetcars and flexibly mounted to the bogie set a pattern that was widely adopted for many years.
    Encouraged by successful experiments with multiple-sheave electric elevators, the Sprague Elevator Company was formed and installed the first set of high-speed passenger cars in 1893–4. These effectively displaced hydraulic elevators in larger buildings. From experience with control systems for these, he developed his system of multiple-unit control for electric trains, which other engineers had considered impracticable. In Sprague's system, a master controller situated in the driver's cab operated electrically at a distance the contactors and reversers which controlled the motors distributed down the train. After years of experiment, Sprague's multiple-unit control was put into use for the first time in 1898 by the Chicago South Side Elevated Railway: within fifteen years multiple-unit operation was used worldwide.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1892–3. Franklin Institute Elliot Cresson Medal 1904, Franklin Medal 1921. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1910.
    Bibliography
    1888, "The solution of municipal rapid transit", Trans. AIEE 5:352–98. See "The multiple unit system for electric railways", Cassiers Magazine, (1899) London, repub. 1960, 439–460.
    1934, "Digging in “The Mines of the Motor”", Electrical Engineering 53, New York: 695–706 (a short autobiography).
    Further Reading
    Lionel Calisch, 1913, Electric Traction, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ch. 6 (for a near-contemporary view of Sprague's multiple-unit control).
    D.C.Jackson, 1934, "Frank Julian Sprague", Scientific Monthly 57:431–41.
    H.C.Passer, 1952, "Frank Julian Sprague: father of electric traction", in Men of Business, ed. W. Miller, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 212–37 (a reliable account).
    ——1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass. P.Ransome-Wallis (ed.), 1959, The Concise Encyclopaedia of World Railway
    Locomotives, London: Hutchinson, p. 143..
    John Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    GW / PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Sprague, Frank Julian

  • 11 Talbot, Benjamin

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 19 September 1864 Wellington, Shropshire, England
    d. 16 December 1947 Solberge Hall, Northallerton, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    Talbot, William Henry Fox English steelmaker and businessman who introduced a technique for producing steel "continuously" in large tilting basic-lined open-hearth furnaces.
    [br]
    After spending some years at his father's Castle Ironworks and at Ebbw Vale Works, Talbot travelled to the USA in 1890 to become Superintendent of the Southern Iron and Steel Company of Chattanooga, Tennessee, where he initiated basic open-hearth steelmaking and a preliminary slag washing to remove silicon. In 1893 he moved to Pennsylvania as Steel Superintendent at the Pencoyd works; there, six years later, he began his "continuous" steelmaking process. Returning to Britain in 1900, Talbot marketed the technique: after ten years it was in successful use in Britain, continental Europe and the USA; it promoted the growth of steel production.
    Meanwhile its originator had joined the Cargo Fleet Iron Company Limited on Teesside, where he was made Managing Director in 1907. Twelve years later he assumed, in addition, the same position in the allied South Durham Steel and Iron Company Limited. While remaining Managing Director, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of both companies in 1925, and Chairman in 1940. The companies he controlled survived the depressed 1920s and 1930s and were significant contributors to British steel output, with a capacity of more than half a million tonnes per year.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Iron and Steel Institute 1928, and (British) National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1908. Franklin Institute (Philadelphia), Elliott Cresson Gold Medal, and John Scott Medal 1908.
    Bibliography
    1900, "The open-hearth continuous steel process", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 57 (1):33–61.
    1903, "The development of the continuous open-hearth process", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 63(1):57–73.
    1905, "Segregation in steel ingots", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 68(2):204–23. 1913, "The production of sound steel by lateral compression of the ingot whilst its centre is liquid", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 87(1):30–55.
    Further Reading
    G.Boyce, 1986, entry in Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. V, ed. J.Jeremy, Butterworth.
    W.G.Willis, 1969, South Durham Steel and Iron Co. Ltd, South Durham Steel and Iron Company Ltd (includes a few pages specifically on Talbot, and a portrait photo). J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (mentions Talbot's business attitudes).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Talbot, Benjamin

  • 12 Pierce, John Robinson

    [br]
    b. 27 March 1910 Des Moines, Iowa, USA
    [br]
    American scientist and communications engineer said to be the "father" of communication satellites.
    [br]
    From his high-school days, Pierce showed an interest in science and in science fiction, writing under the pseudonym of J.J.Coupling. After gaining Bachelor's, Master's and PhD degrees at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) in Pasadena in 1933, 1934 and 1936, respectively, Pierce joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City in 1936. There he worked on improvements to the travelling-wave tube, in which the passage of a beam of electrons through a helical transmission line at around 7 per cent of the speed of light was made to provide amplification at 860 MHz. He also devised a new form of electrostatically focused electron-multiplier which formed the basis of a sensitive detector of radiation. However, his main contribution to electronics at this time was the invention of the Pierce electron gun—a method of producing a high-density electron beam. In the Second World War he worked with McNally and Shepherd on the development of a low-voltage reflex klystron oscillator that was applied to military radar equipment.
    In 1952 he became Director of Electronic Research at the Bell Laboratories' establishment, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Within two years he had begun work on the possibility of round-the-world relay of signals by means of communication satellites, an idea anticipated in his early science-fiction writings (and by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945), and in 1955 he published a paper in which he examined various possibilities for communications satellites, including passive and active satellites in synchronous and non-synchronous orbits. In 1960 he used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 30 m (98 1/2 ft) diameter, aluminium-coated Echo 1 balloon satellite to reflect telephone signals back to earth. The success of this led to the launching in 1962 of the first active relay satellite (Telstar), which weighed 170 lb (77 kg) and contained solar-powered rechargeable batteries, 1,000 transistors and a travelling-wave tube capable of amplifying the signal 10,000 times. With a maximum orbital height of 3,500 miles (5,600 km), this enabled a variety of signals, including full bandwidth television, to be relayed from the USA to large receiving dishes in Europe.
    From 1971 until his "retirement" in 1979, Pierce was Professor of Electrical Engineering at CalTech, after which he became Chief Technologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, also in Pasadena, and Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Stanford University.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Award 1947; Edison Medal 1963; Medal of Honour 1975. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Award 1960. National Medal of Science 1963. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Medal 1963. Marconi Award 1974. National Academy of Engineering Founders Award 1977. Japan Prize 1985. Arthur C.Clarke Award 1987. Honorary DEng Newark College of Engineering 1961. Honorary DSc Northwest University 1961, Yale 1963, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1963. Editor, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1954–5.
    Bibliography
    23 October 1956, US patent no. 2,768,328 (his development of the travelling-wave tube, filed on 5 November 1946).
    1947, with L.M.Field, "Travelling wave tubes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio
    Engineers 35:108 (describes the pioneering improvements to the travelling-wave tube). 1947, "Theory of the beam-type travelling wave tube", Proceedings of the Institution of
    Radio Engineers 35:111. 1950, Travelling Wave Tubes.
    1956, Electronic Waves and Messages. 1962, Symbols, Signals and Noise.
    1981, An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals and Noise: Dover Publications.
    1990, with M.A.Knoll, Signals: Revolution in Electronic Communication: W.H.Freeman.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Pierce, John Robinson

  • 13 Philadelphia

    Город на юго-востоке штата Пенсильвания, в устье р. Делавэр [ Delaware River], один из крупнейших городов США. Около 1,5 млн. жителей (2000), МСА [ MSA] Филадельфия-Уилмингтон-Атлантик-Сити 6,1 млн. человек (2000), пятый по численности населения мегаполис США. Южную часть города пересекает р. Скулкилл [ Schuylkill River]. Расположен в т.н. коридоре "Боваш" [ Bowash] между Бостоном и Вашингтоном. Основан в 1682 У. Пенном [ Penn, William, Jr.] как город веротерпимости - "город братской любви" (что и означает его название) на месте шведского поселения 1636. Пенн называл его "городом посреди зеленого края" ["greene countrie towne"]. Через два года после основания здесь было более 2,5 тыс. жителей, в основном квакеров [ Quakers]; город стал конечным пунктом путешествия многих переселенцев различных вероисповеданий из Европы. В 1701 Филадельфия получила статус города. Филадельфия - один из первых американских городов, построенных по единому плану. Город рано стал центром политической жизни, образования и культуры; к 1775 был крупнейшим городом колоний и местом многих начинаний: здесь были созданы многие известные общественные организации, в том числе Американское философское общество [ American Philosophical Society], в 1741 стал издаваться первый американский журнал "Американ мэгэзин" [American Magazine], в 1784 первая ежедневная газета "Пенсильвания ивнинг пост энд дейли эдвертайзер" [Pennsylvania Evening Post and Daily Advertiser], первый университет и первая больница [Pennsylvania Hospital] (1751), действовали 17 библиотек. Здесь создавался первый флот США. Город сыграл особую роль в истории США: здесь проходили заседания первого и второго Континентальных конгрессов [ Continental Congresses], в 1776 здесь была провозглашена независимость [ Declaration of Independence], в 1790-1800 был столицей США. Велика его роль в Войне за независимость [ Revolutionary War] и в Войне 1812 [ War of 1812]. Филадельфия - город Б. Франклина [ Franklin, Benjamin] и Дж. Вашингтона [ Washington, George]. Здесь жили и работали многие президенты и другие выдающиеся американцы. В 1876 в городе прошла Выставка столетия [ International Centennial Exposition]. С 1950-х город начал интенсивно преображаться. Ныне это крупный транспортный узел: морской порт с грузооборотом в 58 млн. т, международный аэропорт [ Philadelphia International Airport]; железнодорожный узел. Имеет развитый общественный транспорт [ SEPTA]. Крупный торгово-финансовый, промышленный и культурный центр. Многоотраслевая промышленность: машиностроение, химия, пищевая промышленность. В городе и пригородах 88 университетов и колледжей, среди них наиболее известны: Пенсильванский университет [ Pennsylvania, University of], университеты Темпл [ Temple University], Дрексела [ Drexel University] и Вилланова [ Villanova University], колледжи Суортмор [ Swarthmore College], Брин-Мор [ Bryn Mawr College], Музыкальный институт Кертиса [Curtis Institute of Music], Публичная библиотека [Philadelphia Public Library]. Симфонический оркестр [ Philadelphia Orchestra], балет [Pennsylvania Ballet], опера [Opera Co. of Philadelphia]. В городе 124 больницы, 6 теле- и 53 радиостанции. Здесь расположены крупнейшие музеи страны: Филадельфийский художественный музей [ Philadelphia Museum of Art], музей Родена [ Rodin Museum], Музей науки Института Франклина [Franklin Institute Science Museum], театры. В историческом центре города расположены многочисленные достопримечательности: Зал независимости [ Independence Hall], Колокол свободы [ Liberty Bell], исторический "Зал плотников" [ Carpenters' Hall] и др. В 1976 в городе проходило около 200 мероприятий, связанных с двухсотлетием США [ Bicentennial, U.S.]. Среди многочисленных прозвищ города - "Филли" [ Philly] и "Город квакеров" [ Quaker City].

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Philadelphia

  • 14 Philadelphia

    [ˏfɪlǝˊdelfɪǝ] г. Филадельфия, крупнейший город штата Пенсильвания (1586 тыс. жителей) <греч. город братской любви>. Первая столица США (до 1800); город, где была принята Декларация независимости США, где находятся Индепенденс-Холл и колокол Свободы. Американец, побывавший в Филадельфии, начинает по-новому воспринимать историю своей страны. Город основал Уильям Пенн [*Penn, William] в 1682, объявив его центром религиозной свободы и веротерпимости и дав ему название Филадельфия (греч. город братской любви). И сегодня Филадельфия, 5-й по величине город США, сохраняет строгую планировку, предложенную Пенном. В центре каждого из четырёх квадратов, на которые разбит город, находится большой парк. В центре города филадельфийцы по-прежнему живут в домах XVIII в. с деревянными ставнями, окрашенными в кремовый цвет, ходят в те же церкви, где молились Джордж Вашингтон, Бенджамин Франклин и Джон Адамс. Тротуары из красного кирпича, узкие улочки, сохраняющие облик Лондона XVIII в. Ни одно здание в городе не должно превышать 548 футов — высоты здания городской мэрии с установленной на нём скульптурой основателя города Уильяма Пенна. Каждый год 4 июля Филадельфия празднует подписание Декларации независимости. После торжеств по случаю двухсотлетия США [Bicentennial] в 1976 все экспонаты были сохранены на своих исторических местах. Чувство юмора у жителей Филадельфии вырывается наружу в день Нового года, когда в городе проводится народный праздник музыки и пантомимы ряженых [Mummers’ Day]. Один из немногих американских городов, где есть «высшее общество» и существуют масонские ложи. Прозвища: «Филли» [Philly], «город братской любви» [City of Brotherly Love], «город Бенджамина Франклина» [City of Benjamin Franklin], «город квакеров» [Quaker City]. Житель города: филадельфиец [Philadelphian]. Река: Делавэр [Delaware River]. Районы, улицы, площади: набережная Пенна [Penn’s Landing], Элфретс-Аллея [Elfreth’s Alley], Мэйн-Лайн [Main Line]. Комплексы, здания, памятники: Индепенденс-Холл/Зал независимости [Independence Hall], Карпентерс-Холл [*Carpenters’ Hall], Конгресс-Холл [Congress-Hall], Старый Сити-Холл [Old City Hall], колокол Свободы [*Liberty Bell], Пенн-Сентер [*Penn Center], Сосайти-Холл [Society Hall], Франклин-Корт [Franklin Court]. Музеи, памятные места: Институт Франклина [Franklin Institute]; Национальный исторический парк Независимости [Independence National Historic Park]; дом Бетси Росс [Betsy Ross House]; дом Тодда [Todd House]; церковь Христа [Christ Church] и кладбище церкви Христа [Christ Church Burial Ground]. Художественные музеи, выставки: Филадельфийский художественный музей [*Philadelphia Art Museum], Фонд Барнса [*Barnes Foundation], Музей Родена [Rodin Museum]. Культурные центры, театры: театры «Форрест» [Forrest Theater], «Шуберт» [Shubert] и «Уолнат» [Walnut Theater]; Аннеберг-Сентер [Anneberg Center], Филадельфийский оркестр [Philadelphia Orchestra]. Учебные заведения, научные центры: Пенсильванский университет [University of Pennsylvania], университеты Темпл [Temple University] и Дрексел [Drexel University], Вилланова [Villanova University], колледжи Ла Саль [La Salle College], Св. Джозефа [St. Joseph College], Хаверфорд [Haverford College], Суортмор [Swarthmore College] и Брин-Мор [*Bryn Mawr College]. Периодические издания: «Инквайрер» [‘Inquirer’], «Дэйли ньюс» [‘Daily News’], «Филадельфия» [‘Philadelphia’]. Парки, зоопарки: парк Фэрмонт [Fairmount Park], Филадельфийский зоопарк [Philadelphia Zoo]. Спорт. Команды: бейсбольная «Филлис» [‘Phillies’], баскетбольная «Патриоты 76-го года» [‘76ers’], футбольные «Орлы» [‘Eagles’] и «Звёзды» [‘Stars’]. Магазины, рынки: Рединг-Терминал-Маркет [Reading Terminal Market], Итальянский рынок [Italian Market], универмаг «Уонамейкер» [‘Wanamaker’s’]. Отели: «Барклай» [‘Barclay’], «Бельвю-Стратфорд» [‘Bellevue Stratford’], «Четыре времени года» [‘Four Seasons Hotel’], «Хёрши-Филадельфия» [‘Hershey Philadelphia Hotel’], «Франклин-Плаза» [‘Franklin Plaza’]. Рестораны: «Ле Бек Фин» [‘Le Bec Fin’], «Ла Пантье» [‘La Pantiere’], «Богартс» [‘Bogartt’s’]. Транспорт: городская система автотранспорта [Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority]. Достопримечательности: Валли-Фордж [Valley Forge]; корабль «Олимпия» [USS Olympia]; причалы для спортивных лодок [Boathouse Row]; Монетный двор [United States Mint]; дом Эдгара По [Edgar Allan Poe House]; Ботанический сад и музей растений Пенсильванского садоводческого общества [Pennsylvania Horticultural Society]. Фестивали, праздники: шествие и пантомимы ряженых [*Mummers’ Day]; массовое гулянье во второе воскресенье октября [Super Sunday]

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Philadelphia

  • 15 Ives, Herbert Eugene

    [br]
    b. 1882 USA
    d. 1953
    [br]
    American physicist find television pioneer.
    [br]
    Ives gained his PhD in physics from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, and subsequently served in the US Signal Corps, eventually gaining experience in aerial photography. He then joined the Western Electric Engineering Department (later Bell Telephone Laboratories), c.1920 becoming leader of a group concerned with television-image transmission over telephone lines. In 1927, using a Nipkow disc, he demonstrated 50-line, 18 frames/sec pictures that could be displayed as either 2 in.×2 1/2 in. (5.1 cm×6.4 cm) images suitable for a "wirephone", or 2 ft ×2 1/2 ft (61 cm×76 cm) images for television viewing. Two years later, using a single-spiral disc and three separately modulated light sources, he was able to produce full-colour images.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1915, "The transformation of colour mixture equations", Journal of the Franklin Institute 180:673.
    1923, "do—Pt II", Journal of the Franklin Institute 195–23.
    1925, "Telephone picture transmission", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers 23:82.
    1929, "Television in colour", Bell Laboratories Record 7:439.
    1930, with A.L.Johnsrul, "Television in colour by a beam-scanning method", Journal of the Optical Society of America 20:11.
    Further Reading
    J.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Ives, Herbert Eugene

  • 16 Warren, Henry Ellis

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 21 May 1872 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 21 September 1957 Ashland, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer who invented the mains electric synchronous clock.
    [br]
    Warren studied electrical engineering at the Boston Institute of Technology (later to become the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and graduated in 1894. In 1912 he formed the Warren Electric Clock Company to make a battery-powered clock that he had patented a few years earlier. The name was changed to the Warren Telechron (time at a distance) Company after he had started to produce synchronous clocks.
    In 1840 Charles Wheatstone had produced an electric master clock that produced an alternating current with a frequency of one cycle per second and which was used to drive slave dials. This system was not successful, but when Ferranti introduced the first alternating current power generator at Deptford in 1895 Hope-Jones saw in it a means of distributing time. This did not materialize immediately because the power generators did not control the frequency of the current with sufficient accuracy, and a reliable motor whose speed was related to this frequency was not available. In 1916 Warren solved both problems: he produced a reliable self-starting synchronous electric motor and he also made a master clock which could be used at the power station to control accurately the frequency of the supply. Initially the power-generating companies were reluctant to support the synchronous clock because it imposed a liability to control the frequency of the supply and the gain was likely to be small because it was very frugal in its use of power. However, with the advent of the grid system, when several generators were connected together, it became imperative to control the frequency; it was realized that although the power consumption of individual clocks was small, collectively it could be significant as they ran continuously. By the end of the 1930s more than half the clocks sold in the USA were of the synchronous type. The Warren synchronous clock was introduced into Great Britain in 1927, following the setting up of a grid system by the Electricity Commission.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute John Price Wetherill Medal. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Lamme Medal.
    Bibliography
    The patents for the synchronous motor are US patent nos. 1,283,432, 1,283,433 and 1,283,435, and those for the master clock are 1,283,431, 1,409,502 and 1,502,493 of 29 October 1918 onwards.
    1919, "Utilising the time characteristics of alternating current", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 38:767–81 (Warren's first description of his system).
    Further Reading
    J.M.Anderson, 1991, "Henry Ellis Warren and his master clocks", National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Bulletin 33:375–95 (provides biographical and technical details).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Warren, Henry Ellis

  • 17 Kompfner, Rudolph

    [br]
    b. 16 May 1909 Vienna, Austria
    d. 3 December 1977 Stanford, California, USA
    [br]
    Austrian (naturalized English in 1949, American in 1957) electrical engineer primarily known for his invention of the travelling-wave tube.
    [br]
    Kompfner obtained a degree in engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule in 1931 and qualified as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Architecture two years later. The following year, with a worsening political situation in Austria, he moved to England and became an architectural apprentice. In 1936 he became Managing Director of a building firm owned by a relative, but at the same time he was avidly studying physics and electronics. His first patent, for a television pick-up device, was filed in 1935 and granted in 1937, but was not in fact taken up. In June 1940 he was interned on the Isle of Man, but as a result of a paper previously sent by him to the Editor of Wireless Engineer he was released the following December and sent to join the group at Birmingham University working on centimetric radar. There he worked on klystrons, with little success, but as a result of the experience gained he eventually invented the travelling-wave tube (TWT), which was based on a helical transmission line. After disbandment of the Birmingham team, in 1946 Kompfner moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and in 1947 he became a British subject. At the Clarendon Laboratory he met J.R. Pierce of Bell Laboratories, who worked out the theory of operation of the TWT. After gaining his DPhil at Oxford in 1951, Kompfner accepted a post as Principal Scientific Officer at Signals Electronic Research Laboratories, Baldock, but very soon after that he was invited by Pierce to work at Bell on microwave tubes. There, in 1952, he invented the backward-wave oscillator (BWO). He was appointed Director of Electronics Research in 1955 and Director of Communications Research in 1962, having become a US citizen in 1957. In 1958, with Pierce, he designed Echo 1, the first (passive) satellite, which was launched in August 1960. He was also involved with the development of Telstar, the first active communications satellite, which was launched in 1962. Following his retirement from Bell in 1973, he continued to pursue research, alternately at Stanford, California, and Oxford, England.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Physical Society Duddell Medal 1955. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1960. Member of the National Academy of Engineering 1966. Member of the National Academy of Science 1968. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1973. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1974. Roentgen Society Silvanus Thompson Medal 1974. President's National medal of Science 1974. Honorary doctorates Vienna 1965, Oxford 1969.
    Bibliography
    1944, "Velocity modulated beams", Wireless Engineer 17:262.
    1942, "Transit time phenomena in electronic tubes", Wireless Engineer 19:3. 1942, "Velocity modulating grids", Wireless Engineer 19:158.
    1946, "The travelling-wave tube", Wireless Engineer 42:369.
    1964, The Invention of the TWT, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.
    Further Reading
    J.R.Pierce, 1992, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 980.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Kompfner, Rudolph

  • 18 Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

    [br]
    b. 5 May 1921 Mount Vernon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American physicist involved in laser-spectroscopy research.
    [br]
    When Arthur L.Schawlow was 3 years old his family moved to Canada: it was in Toronto that he received his education, graduating from the University of Toronto with a BA in physics in 1941. He was awarded an MA in 1942, taught classes for military personnel at the University until 1944 and worked for a year on radar equipment. He returned to the University of Toronto in 1945 to carry out research on optical spectroscopy and received his PhD in 1949. From 1949 to 1951 he held a postgraduate fellowship at Columbia University, where he worked with Charles H. Townes on microwave spectroscopy. From 1951 to 1961 he was a research physicist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, working mainly on superconductivity, but he maintained his association with Townes, who had pioneered the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In a paper published in Physical Review in December 1958, Townes and Schawlow suggested the possibility of a development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In 1960 the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman. In 1960 Schawlow returned to Columbia University as a visiting professor and in the following year was appointed Professor of Physics at Stanford University, where he continued his researches in laser spectroscopy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1981. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. Institute of Physics of London Thomas Young Medal and Prize 1963. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1964. Optical Society of America Frederick Ives Medal 1976. Honorary degrees from the State University of Ghent, the University of Bradford and the University of Toronto.
    Bibliography
    Schawlow is the author of many scientific papers and, with Charles H.Townes, of
    Microwave Spectroscopy (1955).
    Further Reading
    T.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 930–3 (contains a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

  • 19 Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander

    [br]
    b. 13 April 1892 Brechin, Angus, Scotland
    d. 6 December 1973 Inverness, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and scientific adviser known for his work on radar.
    [br]
    Following education at Brechin High School, Watson-Watt entered University College, Dundee (then a part of the University of St Andrews), obtaining a BSc in engineering in 1912. From 1912 until 1921 he was Assistant to the Professor of Natural Philosophy at St Andrews, but during the First World War he also held various posts in the Meteorological Office. During. this time, in 1916 he proposed the use of cathode ray oscillographs for radio-direction-finding displays. He joined the newly formed Radio Research Station at Slough when it was opened in 1924, and 3 years later, when it amalgamated with the Radio Section of the National Physical Laboratory, he became Superintendent at Slough. At this time he proposed the name "ionosphere" for the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere. With E.V. Appleton and J.F.Herd he developed the "squegger" hard-valve transformer-coupled timebase and with the latter devised a direction-finding radio-goniometer.
    In 1933 he was asked to investigate possible aircraft counter-measures. He soon showed that it was impossible to make the wished-for radio "death-ray", but had the idea of using the detection of reflected radio-waves as a means of monitoring the approach of enemy aircraft. With six assistants he developed this idea and constructed an experimental system of radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging) in which arrays of aerials were used to detect the reflected signals and deduce the bearing and height. To realize a practical system, in September 1936 he was appointed Director of the Bawdsey Research Station near Felixstowe and carried out operational studies of radar. The result was that within two years the East Coast of the British Isles was equipped with a network of radar transmitters and receivers working in the 7–14 metre band—the so-called "chain-home" system—which did so much to assist the efficient deployment of RAF Fighter Command against German bombing raids on Britain in the early years of the Second World War.
    In 1938 he moved to the Air Ministry as Director of Communications Development, becoming Scientific Adviser to the Air Ministry and Ministry of Aircraft Production in 1940, then Deputy Chairman of the War Cabinet Radio Board in 1943. After the war he set up Sir Robert Watson-Watt \& Partners, an industrial consultant firm. He then spent some years in relative retirement in Canada, but returned to Scotland before his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1942. CBE 1941. FRS 1941. US Medal of Merit 1946. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1948. Franklin Institute Elliot Cresson Medal 1957. LLD St Andrews 1943. At various times: President, Royal Meteorological Society, Institute of Navigation and Institute of Professional Civil Servants; Vice-President, American Institute of Radio Engineers.
    Bibliography
    1923, with E.V.Appleton \& J.F.Herd, British patent no. 235,254 (for the "squegger"). 1926, with J.F.Herd, "An instantaneous direction reading radio goniometer", Journal of
    the Institution of Electrical Engineers 64:611.
    1933, The Cathode Ray Oscillograph in Radio Research.
    1935, Through the Weather Hours (autobiography).
    1936, "Polarisation errors in direction finders", Wireless Engineer 13:3. 1958, Three Steps to Victory.
    1959, The Pulse of Radar.
    1961, Man's Means to his End.
    Further Reading
    S.S.Swords, 1986, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander

  • 20 Holtzapffel, John Jacob

    [br]
    b. June 1836 London, England
    d. 14 October 1897 Eastbourne, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer and author of several volumes of Turning and Mechanical Manipulation.
    [br]
    John Jacob Holtzapffel was the second son of Charles Holtzapffel and was educated at King's College School, London, and at Cromwell House, Highgate. Following the death of his father in 1847 and of his elder brother, Charles, at the age of 10, he was called on at an early age to take part in the business of lathe-making and turning founded by his grandfather. He made many improvements to the lathe for ornamental turning, but he is now remembered chiefly for the continuation of his father's publication Turning and Mechanical Manipulation. J.J. Holtzapffel produced the fourth volume, on Plain Turning, in 1879, and the fifth, on Ornamental Turning, in 1884. In 1894 he revised and enlarged the third volume, but the intended sixth volume was never completed. J.J.Holtzapffel was admitted to the Turners' Company of London in 1862 and became Master in 1879. He was associated with the establishment of the Turners' Competition to encourage the art of turning and was one of the judges for many years. He was also an examiner for the City and Guilds of London Institute and the British Horological Institute. He was a member of the Society of Arts and a corresponding member of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia. He was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1863 and became an Associate Member after reorganization of the classes of membership in 1878.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Master, Turners' Company of London 1879.
    Bibliography
    1879, Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, Vol. IV: Plain Turning, London; 1884, Vol. V: The Principles and Practice of Ornamental or Complex Turning, London; reprinted 1894; reprinted 1973, New York.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Holtzapffel, John Jacob

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  • Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology — The Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology (BFIT) in Boston, Massachusetts is one of New England s oldest colleges of engineering and technologies. The college was established with funds bequethed in Benjamin Franklin s will.HistoryBFIT owes… …   Wikipedia

  • Franklin — often refers to Benjamin Franklin, a Founding Father of the United States. It may also refer to: Franklin (given name) Franklin (surname) Contents 1 Entertainment 2 Places …   Wikipedia

  • Franklin — ist ein englischer Familien und Vorname, siehe Franklin (Name) – dort auch zu Namensträgern die CGS Einheit für die elektrische Ladung, siehe Franklin (Einheit) der Name zweier Inseln, siehe Franklin Insel der Fluss Franklin River in… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Franklin High School (Tennessee) — Infobox School name=Franklin High School (Tennessee) established= 1910 principal= Willie Dickerson enrollment= 1856 type=Public location= 810 Hillsboro Rd Franklin, TN 37064 Williamson County information= (615) 794 3736 website=… …   Wikipedia

  • Franklin Medal — Médaille Franklin La Médaille Franklin est une distinction scientifique décernée par l Institut Franklin en l honneur de Benjamin Franklin. Elle récompense des personnes dont les travaux sont utiles à l humanité, ont fait progresser la science,… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Franklin G. Reick — (born 1930) is an inventor, industrial engineer, and entrepreneur from New Jersey, who has secured his place at the forefront of lubrication technology in the United States and abroad for more than five decades. Reick founded Fluoramics Inc., [… …   Wikipedia

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